Planning practices and training Essay Example for Free

Planning devotes and training EssayI am going to do my act sessions for a set downner, who has little experience and very basic acquisitions in trampolining, such as straight bouncing and s gratuityping.By the end of these sessions, they should be able to do a short sequence of simple skills, becoming to a greater extent confident and fluent in the execution of them. Each sessions length testament depend on the time needed to learn and practice a skill.Routine1. Tuck jump,2. 1/2 twist jump,3. Straddle jump,4. Full twist,5. Pike jump6. fanny drop to feet. straightaway upPulse raising activitieso 20 straight bounces with correct arm movements on the trampoline, 5 star jumps and 5 leaps, on the floor.o These simple exercises are appropriate for younger children (usually beginners) and as they are easy.o They also use the muscles required in trampolining. (Quadriceps, hamstrings and calf muscles.)Mobility activitieso 10 shoulder shrugs, 10 large circular motions with arms (forwards and coveringwards) neck movements, elbow and knee flexions and extensions and hip rotations.o These loosen the joints to be used, (shoulders/hips/neck) and help injury prevention.o They are simple.Stretcheso Quadricep stretch, by holding the foot behind the performer and pushing the hips forwards slightly.o Hamstring stretch, by bending one level at the knee and putting the other leg out straight so that the heel is on the floor. The hands should rest on the bent knee.o Calf stretch, by putting one foot back and parallel unless not adjacent to the other foot, and pushing down on the back heel until a slight strain is felt.This warm up should be done before separately session and will increase heart rate, so the body is warm. By the end of the sessions, the performer will probably be suppler (more flexible) therefore will have to push the stretches further. Their cardio vascular endurance should increase too. heartily downo 10 straight bounces and walking around the trampoline 2 times to decrease the HR and rid of any lactic acid. Gentle stretching will increase flexibility.Session 1 Aim-Learn and practice shapes. Tuck, straddle and pike jumps. (Duration-1 hour)Warm up.Start by showing a demonstration of each skill separately. Teach and do a broken down run by of each slowly and finally re-demonstrate the skill.Tuck jump-At the top of the bounce, the knees are bought up t the chest and the hands to the shins. Push the legs back down afterwards, and stop.Straddle jump-At the top of the bounce bring both legs out to the side and to the front, so an angle to a higher place about 100dergees is formed. Touch between the knees and the feet, anywhere on the shins. Bring legs back together, down and stop.Pike jump- Involves bringing both legs out straight in front of. Ideally, the angle between the trunk and the legs should be 90. The legs should be squeezed together, straight, with pointed toes, and the hands should touch the tops of the legs anywhere between the knees and toes (although the nearer the toes the better it is.)These should be learnt in about 40 minutes on a class of 5-8 performers. Practicing of the skills should take place for 20 minutes, so the performers can learn the feel and begin to improve their feel of the skill-specificity.Warm down.Session 2 Aim- physical exertion and develop tuck, straddle and pike jumps. Learn and develop 1/2 and undecomposed twists. (Duration-1hour, 15 minutes)Warm up.Start by practicing the skills from session 1. Do these, correct and improve for 15 minutes.Show a demonstration of and 1/2 twist, to introduce variation.Explain and get wind it To twist, the performer should stretch out of the trampoline and twist with the arms above the head. Look for the mats as character points.Practice 1/2 twists for 25 minutes.Show a demonstration of a full twist, to introduce variation.Explain and teach it To twist, the performer should stretch out of the trampoline and twist with the arms above the head. Look for the mats as reference points.Practice full twists for 30 minutes. These are more demanding. Control and tension are required for good twists. This will overload the performer with information with this session, but a lot will need to be practiced.Warm down.Session 3 Aim-Practice shapes in a sequence, e.g. 3 tuck jumps, 3 straddle jumps thence 3 pike jumps. Practice twists. Start to integrate twists on the end of skills, to introduce variation. (Duration-1hour, 10 minutes)Warm up.Practice skills separately from session 1 to toss off the skill, for 10 minutes.Practice twists for 20 minutes, to build confidence in the performer and to improve the skills. This will help the performer consolidate knowledge and progress.Do each of the shaped bounces with a 1/2 twist before. Do the skill again with a 1/2 twist after. Practice these for 40 minutes. This is utilize overload methods to teach here.Each performer will find this tricky at first but will get to an appreciation of the joint skills and will probably be able to do them by the end of the session.Session 4 Aim- To introduce the space drop skill to the performers and practice the shaped bounces with full twists and 1/2 twists before and after each skill. (Duration-1 hour, 10 minutes.)Warm up.Practice full and 1/2 twists so the performer is confident with them. 10 minutes.Practice each shaped bounce with a 1/2 twist before and after, then with a full before and after the skill. Do this for 30 minutes.Demonstrate, explain and teach the seat drop.This move sounds easy, but it is more difficult to do well. For a good seat drop, the performer should stretch to the top of the jump pushing the hips forward slightly at the same time. On the way down, pointing the toes towards the mat will allow the performer to land sitting on the trampoline. The correct position is with the legs together, leaning slightly backwards with the hand just behind, and to the side of, the bottom. Fingers should point the sam e way as the toes.Integrating moves into/out of seat drops introduces variation.Practice and get familiar with the seat drop position and practice from standing(a) and with a small bounce beforehand for 30 minutes. Getting more confident.Warm down.Session 5 Aim Improve seat drops and run through routine in two stages, then as a whole. (duration-1 hour,15 minutes)Practice shaped bounces with 1/2 and full twists before and after for 10 minutes to refine the skills together as one.Do specific skills then practice as a whole.Re-talk through and demonstrate seat drops, as these are a more difficult skill.Practice seat drop position, seat drops from standing and seat drops with a small bounce before, for 20 minutes.Go through skills 1-3 of the routine until they run smoothly together and practice. Approximately 10 minutes.Go through skills 4-6 of the routine until they run smoothly together and practice. Approximately 15 minutes because the seat drop adds difficulty.Run through the whole routine until it runs quite smoothly. well-nigh 20 minutes.The performer should have shown progression through the last five sessions, and can now apply them fully to a routine.Warm down.Session 6 Aim- to refine the routine as a whole. (Duration- 1 hour, 10 minutes.)Warm up.Practice seat drops with height for 15 minutes.Go through the whole routine, fleck any difficulties and practice the difficulties, i.e. skills 3-5 could be hard to do. Do this until the performer is comfortable with the difficulties, for up to 30 minutes.Practice the whole routine through for 20 minutes.

Factors Affecting Animal Growth

Factors Affecting Animal GrowthModern cattle atomic number 18 posterity of Bos indicus and Bos Taurus ( branchiaespie, 1992). According to Lawrie (1991) these breeds argon believed to be descended from Bos primigenius, the wild cattle. The destruction representative of the wild species died in Poland in 1627 (Zeuner, 1963). Lawrie (1991) describe that domestication of cattle followed the establishment of settled agriculture about 5000 B.C. and domestication of hump-back cattle (Bos indicus) existed in Mesopotamia by 4500 B.C.Garner (1944) stated that the immediate predecessor of majority of the breeds of British cattle was Bos longifrons, which was of relatively small frame rather than Bos primigenius which is massive in size. The development of many present British breeds was due to the early on improvements initiated by Bakewell in the middle of the eighteenth century, who introduced in-breeding, the use of proven sires, selection and culling (Lawrie, 1991). Since 1790, the f ocus on cattle improvement is towards smaller, younger and hunt downer animals and there has been growing realization that breed potentialities testament not be fully manifested without adequate food given at the right time in the growth innovation of the animal (Hammond, 1932a).Lawrie (1991) suggested that a screech animal should be well covered with flesh, blocky and compact-thus reducing the proportion of b atomic number 53 whereas in a dairy animal the frame should be angular with relatively little flesh cover, the consistency should be cylindrical thus accommodating the large digestive tract necessary for efficient conversion of food into milk and mammary tissue should be markedly developed. Aberdeen Angus has been regarded as the premier breed for good- pure tone essence (Gerrard, 1951).Lawrie (1991) reported that one of the reasons for the good eating quality of the Aberdeen Angus is its tenderness which is due to the small size of the muscle bundles, smaller animal s having smaller bundles. Good-quality marrow can also be attained by feeding concentrates such as barley to kvetch cattle (Preston et al., 1963).Efforts have been made to cross various breeds of Bos indicus (Zebu cattle) with British breeds, to heighten the heat resisting properties of the former with the union-producing characteristics of the latter (Lawrie, 1991).Unfortunately, unusual breeds of cattle argon found in spite of fashion a normal breed dwarf Snorter cattle occur within various breeds in U.S.A., and pronounced muscular hypertrophy, which is often more noticeable in the hind quarters and explains the name doppelender given to the condition, arises in several breeds e.g. Charollais and southeasterly Devon (McKellar, 1960). Recessive genes are thought to be obligated in both cases (Lawrie, 1991).FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CATTLELawrie (1991) reported that as an animal grows twain things happen first, it increases in weight until mature size is reached this is called growth and secondly it changes in its body conformation, shapes and its various functions and faculties come into full being this is referred to as development. communicable portionsAccording to Lawrie (1991) several economically big traits in kernel animals are heritable to rough degree and can thus be selected for by breeding. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is dwarfism another is the doppelender or double muscling condition, which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increases the animals commercial-grade value (Lawrie and Ledward, 2006). Genetic analysis continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the endocrine system and, by it, meat growth and quality as concluded by Lawrie and Ledward (2006).Genetic engineering techniques can shorten breeding programmes significantly because they allow for the identi fication and closing off of genes coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal genome as reported by Lawrie and Ledward. Experimental reproductive cloning of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, slovenly person or cattle has been successful. The multiple asexual reproductions of animals bearing desirable traits can thus be anticipated, although this is not yet practical on a commercial scale.Environmental FactorsHeat regulation in livestock especially cattle is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature (Lawrie and Ledward, 2006). Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to retard it. Depending on their size, body shape and insulation done tissue and fur, some animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal d evelopment.nutritional FactorsAcker and Cunningham (1991) reported that the quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animals plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over or underfed. The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth and development (Wardlaw, 2000). Cattle digest cellulose which is better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess, because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive.Several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of mud by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action (Gillespie, 1998).In kit and caboodle feed, env ironmental factors influence the availability of crucial nutrients or micronutrients, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments. In Australia, for instance, where the soil contains limited phosphate, cattle are being fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of bitch production. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture this was at length found to be a give of cobalt deficiency in the soi (Acker and Cunningham, 1991).Gillespie (1998) stated that plant toxins are also a risk to grazing animals for instance, fluoracetate, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the cellular metabolism. Certain man-made pollutants such as methyl mercury and some pesticide residues present a situation hazard due to their aptness to bioaccumulate in meat, potentially poisoning consumers.SLAUGHTERING AND KILLING OF CATTLESlaughteringReligious slaughteringThe Welfa re of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (as amended) (WASK) require that all animals are stunned out front slaughter, exploitation the methods of immobilise prescribed by the Regulations, subject to specific exemptions. One of these exemptions refers to slaughter without the infliction of unnecessary suffering by the Jewish method for the food of Jews or by the Muslim method for the food of Muslims, provided the requirements for the licensing of slaughter men under the Regulations are met. Since a complete bleed is necessary, cattle are not stunned before bleeding (Donin, 1972).Religious issues surrounding slaughter without pre-stunning were explored in detail in the FAWC report on religious slaughter published in 1985 and have not been reiterated in this report. Council has taken account of relevant information generated since then in drawing its conclusions.Jewish methodThe Jewish method of slaughtering animals for food (Shechita) requires that they be well-infor med at the time of slaughter and must not have suffered any physical injury. For this reason, pre-slaughter stunning methods that are judged to cause physical injuries prior to cutting the throat have been considered unacceptable for this slaughter method. Cattle are restrained in an upright position in a specialized pen with the head held ready and the neck exposed in a suitable position for incision of the throat.A transverse cut is made development a reciprocal, uninterrupted achievement of the knife. The intention is to produce an immediate outpouring of blood by severing both jugular veins and both carotid arteries. The knife used for cattle has a long, extremely sharp and un handicapd blade. After the cut has been made the animal must remain restrained until it is bled out before being released, shackled and hoisted. With rabbinical approval some premises have adopted a post-cut stun for cattle.The Islamic methodThe Muslim method of slaughter (Halal) is, in many respects, equal to Shechita. However, pre-slaughter stunning methods for cattle and sheep that have been demonstrated not to kill the animal, such that the heart is still beating, have been deemed acceptable and have routinely been adopted in many Halal slaughterhouses. The level of restraint required to expose the throat, perform an effective cut and hold the animal still until it has bled out is greater than is needed for conventional slaughter.The restraining pens used for this purpose require Ministerial approval. This is designed to protect bovine animals from any avoidable pain, suffering, agitation, injuries or contusions in the pen and in particular to ensure effective means of restraint and support (WASK). The design and operation of restraining pens are assessed by the SVS before Ministerial approval is given.Humane slaughteringCattle are slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Stunning can be effected through asphyxiating the animals with carbon dioxide, shooting them with a gun or a captive bolt pistol, or shocking them with electric current as reported by Lawrie and Ledward (2006).According to Lawrie (1991) draining as much blood as possible from the carcass is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a very good breeding ground for microorganisms. The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the carotid artery and the jugular vein in cattle and sheep, and the front tooth vena cava in pigs.BleedingAccording to Beinempaka et al., (1990) the neck of the animal is cut and it is allowed to bleed by hoisting it up. They also reported that adequate bleeding is essential to turn off meat spoilage since blood is a good source of moisture and nutrition for most of the contaminating organisms.This indicates that the amount of blood well-kept in the backbite determines the degree of spoilage of the rush. pa nda, (1986) reported that the amount of blood drained out from different types of birds vary depending on the stunning technique and physiological condition of the cattle.Deskinning and get dressedThis process of deskinning is done manually or mechanical and manual at the same time. The mechanical and manual ones are normally done at the abattoirs. This involves using a sharp knife to deskin the animal while the machine pulls the skin off the animal.Dressing involves the opening of the carcass to remove the internal organs (Beinempaka et al., 1990). pity must be taken in removing the intestines, as an unintentional incision may result in the distribution of fecal bacteria onto carcass maybe contaminating the beef (Borch and Arinder, 2002).WashingFollowing the deskinning and dressing stage is the washing stage. It involves using a stream of water which removes dirt and the amount of blood retained in the carcass. This helps in reducing microbial load present on the carcass.Chillin gThis is done immediately after the preparation of the carcass and must last for as short a time as possible to avoid bacterial proliferation (Gracey, 1986).Nester et al., (2001) stated that chilling inhibits the growth of micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp at temperature below 3-50C. Chilling in a common bath may result in cross-contamination from Escherichia and Salmonella carriers to free carcasses (Cross et al., 1988).NUTRITIVE VALUE OF shoutThe use of lean and clean beef is advisable to include in diet, it could be as an ingredient in stews or traditional recipes. complain is a popular meat rich in protein, being a red meat had always made it a bad food when it comes to studies and researches (Owen et al., 2005). Wardlaw, (2000) stated that, a lean beef adds to health benefits related to heart and prevention of cancer. As a matter of fact, no one can deny that beef is an important source of protein.Beef is found to be very rich in Iron, Zinc, Selenium , Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium. Sodium and Copper are found in good quantities. However, minute quantities of Calcium and atomic number 25 are also present. According to Acker and Cunningham (1991), beef is one of the best sources for Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 Niacin and Riboflavin. However, it is also rich in Thiamin and Pantothenic Acid. Small amounts of Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Foliate are present.According to Owen et al., (2005) the calorie count of Beef per 100 gm is 155.0 it is meat which is higher in protein and moderate in plunk. Beef is good for bones and teeth. It enhances electrical resistance against infections of ear etc., and prevents blood vessel walls from damaging. Moderate consumption of lean beef is altogether good for cardiovascular health and to prevent cancer risks.The amount of fat in beef carcasses has decreased compared to what it was during the middle of the twentieth century beef contains about 6 percent little fat (Gillespie, 1998).FRESHNESS OF DR ESSED BEEFBeef is a perishable product and may cause public health concerns. Fresh beef is most likely to spoil before it leave cause food-borne diseases (Gill, 1998). For preserved meat the opposite may be the case, where micro-organisms have been eliminated.There is the tendency to use milder preservation methods either because of energy saving, because of consumers preference for gently cured or cooked products, or their desire for having more undecomposed beef products or because of an aversion to the use of preservatives (Panda, 1995).According to Lawrie and Ledward (2006) in order to satisfy these demands, it will be necessary for meat industry to improve microbial monitoring of production including hygiene and to formulate processes which will give minimal variation in their results. Although intensive work is being carried out by meat industries to find substitutes for known processes with equivalent inactivation or inhibition of microbial froth, no general acceptable alt ernative seems to be readily available (Gracey, 1986).QUALITY OF BEEFThe quality grades are based on the degree of marbling (intramuscular fat) in the beef, and the maturity date of the animal at slaughter (USDA, 2007). A quality grade is a composite evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat tenderness, succulence, and flavor. These factors include carcass maturity, firmness, texture, and people of colour of lean, and the amount and distribution of marbling within the lean. Beef carcass quality grading is based on degree of marbling and degree of maturity (Hale et al., 2007).grainMeat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins (Denver, 2003). Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes such as papain, bromelin or ficin can be injected to augment the endogenous enzymes (USDA, 2007). Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swel l the myofibrillar proteins. This improves juiciness and tenderness.FlavourEvaporation concentrates the remaining proteins and increases flavor intensity the molds can contribute a nut-like flavor. The majority of the tenderizing effect occurs in the first 10 long time, although two to ternion days allow significant effects. Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness.. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor.SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF BEEFLawrie (1991) suggested that contamination of beef is a continuing possibility from the moment of bleeding until consumption. Contamination of beef from the moment of bleeding until consumption is from microbial to physical contamination. The microbiological contamination of carcasses occurs mainly during processing and manipulation, such as s kinning, evisceration, storage and distribution at slaughterhouses and retail establishments (Gill, 1998 Abdalla et al., 2009).fecal matter was a major source of contamination and could reached carcasses through direct deposition, as well as by indirect contact through polluted and clean carcasses, equipment, workers, installations and air (Borch and Arinder, 2002). Cattle slaughter operations, such as bleeding, dressing and evisceration, expose sterile muscle to microbiological contaminants that were present on the skin, the digestive tract and in the environment (Gill and Jones, 1999 Bacon et al.,2000).Moreover, dirty workers hands, clothes and equipments of the slaughterhouse and at the market by retailers act as intermediate sources of contamination of meat (Gill, 1998 Gilmour et al., 2004 AbdelSadig, 2006 Abdalla et al., 2009).Also, handling and storage of beef contribute effectively to meat contamination (Beinempaka et al., 1990). The storage place should be clean and preferab ly cold (400F). Any temperature above will contribute to microbial growth which act on the meat and cause spoilage whereas the beef must be handled with proper care.METHODS OF MINIMIZING CONTAMINATION OF BEEFRangaswani (1983) reported that meat quality could be enhanced and prolonged when the causes of microbial contamination are drastically reduced or removed altogether. He stated further that quality and wholesomeness of meat depend on many factors of which the following are partSource of BeefMeat from abattoir slaughtered animals and well established farms generally have less bacteria counts than meat from backyard slaughtered animals because at the abattoir or farm, all the necessary safety and hygiene consideration are undertaken. The level of infection is thus decrease unlike backyard slaughtered animals where animals are killed and dressed on the floor with no better hygiene condition (Zeigler, 1966).Health of AnimalsBeef from healthy animals keep longer than beef from disea sed cattle. This is so because beef from healthy animals are more likely to be free from any microbes unlike diseased cattle. Zeigler (1966) reported that veterinary watchfulness should be the priority when animals are being slaughtered since it will be proven whether animals are free from any diseases.Method of SlaughterMeat from bruised animals, improperly bled animals, meat contaminated with faeces during evisceration and meat soiled with dirt from skin tends to spoil early.The normal micro flora from the skin of carcasses includes Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and organisms of fecal line of merchandise (Cross and Overby, 1988). The source of these organisms is not clearly understood but in addition to contamination from the skin and intestines, equipments and tools during slaughter and selling of beef may be responsible for some contamination. To avoid further contamination, potable water should be used for rinsing carcasses and surfaces coming i nto contact with meat and offal.PRESERVATION OF BEEFAccording to Panda (1995) preservation or meat can be done by adopting several techniques among which are refrigeration, dehydration, curing, smoking, canning, irradiation, microwave heating and use of chemical additives including antibiotics. infrigidationRefrigeration includes cold storage and frozen storage. In cold storage a temperature between 00C to 70C is employed and in frozen storage at between 150C to 170C (Panda, 1995). Controlled temperature assists in preventing quality loss and maintaining shelf life of the product. Proper air circulation in addition to maintenance of air temperature prevents mould growth and controlled air composition provides fresh air and avoids development of extraneous odour out of undesirable gases. Moisture control assists in preventing excessive dehydration of the product stored (Panda, 1986).SmokingSmoking helps in preserving beef by acting as an antioxidant, bactericidal agent and providing a protective covering on the surface. Smoking also imparts specific flavour to meat. discordant types of wood used for generating smoke also impart different flavour to the finished product. However, the best type of wood which could be exploited for producing quality take beef is hard wood. Smoke also influences the colour of the smoked beef.CuringThis is a process of preserving meat. It is done to preserve and maintain red colour of the meat and also to add flavour. This ingredients used include common salt, sodium nitrate or nitrite, sugar and spices (Beinempaka et al., 1990). Therefore selection of curing formulation is extremely important while using it, as long as large amounts of salt or spice will mask the flavour of meat. The functions of these curing agents are different. Salts assists in preservation of meat while influencing the flavour and texture. Sugar adds to the flavour while checking the drying and toughening effect and nitrate provide the desired pink colour to it (Panda, 1995).Chemical AdditivesGill (1998) stated that fresh beef in intact carcass is not severely contaminated except for its surfaces and skinning. However, as it is minced for utilization in further touch products, the solution changes. As the beef gets exposed, added bacterial contamination from hands of operators and machineries used occurs (Borch and Arinder, 2002). According to Panda (1995) the use of additives in beef extends the life of the beef and has a little effect on the colour, flavour and texture.PACKAGING AND STORAGEIf the beef is to be used for processing, then it is taken straight to the meat cutting and industries to be processed. If they are to be stored for use at a later stage, these are properly packed in suitable polythene bags and kept inside a deep freeze maintained at 15-180C. Panda (1995) reported that the packaging material used for packaging the beef should be colourless, transparent and of adequate ability to safeguard the dressed beef packed d uring handling and transportation.Also, the packaging material should not transfer any harmful substances to the packed material. The major objectives in using the packaging material is that it should provide optimum protection to the product packed inside it and to maintain wholesomeness for its anticipated shelf life, while preventing physical, microbial and insect damage with appropriate properties and capacity to preserve its nutritive value in an acceptable way and other quality factors, important in the marketing channel (Panda, 1995). motley types of primary and secondary containers as well as flexible material are being used for packing beef products. Primary container is one which is in direct contact with the food item. The secondary container is the outer box or wrap that holds the primary units of food such as jars, cans, tins flexible packages which have no direct contact with the food item. Some of the various types of packaging material used for beef packaging include tins, cans, glass, plastic films and laminates.

History and background of medical tourism

History and background of aesculapian checkup exam touring carryCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThe work of travelling abroad to witness medical checkup and wellness c atomic number 18 services is called as medical tourerry. The benefits of medical tourism argon getting widely popular among people because people ar getting aw ar about the benefits of medical tourism like the lower cost of the medical procedures and can enjoy their holiday in a foreign location during the recovery stream. This outsourcing for health business is freehanded as a new trend and many American and European tourists prefer medical tourism for cosmetic and medical procedures. The countries which are lack of advanced medical procedures leads the people living there to fly abroad to get appropriate medical services.The practice of travelling abroad is a trend which developed from the ancient period and there is a vast history of people travelling to other countries for health purposes. In Italy and throu ghout the Roman provinces, the Ancient Romans constructed resorts with thermal health spas, and the Ancient Greeks would travel to on the Saronic Gulf to visit the sanctuary of the healing god, Asklepios, who revealed remedies to them in their dreams (Bookman and Bookman 2007 4-5).From the 15th to 17th centuries, the pitiable sanitary conditions in Europe prompted an interest by the rich in medicinal spas, mineral springs and the seaside for health purposes. These wealthy individuals would likewise travel to illustrious medical schools for medical assistance (Swarbrooke and Horner 2007 16, 33). This continued into the 18th and 19th centuries where spa towns, particularly in the south of France, became popular for health cures, the sun, and escaping the cold climatic conditions in the north of Europe (Holden 2006 21-23). The rapid urbanisation and social change experienced during Industrialisation aggravated the unsanitary and poor living environments in Britain and some sections of Europe, with anti-urban determine and a growing concern for health developing as a result (Holden 2006 30). The formation of the railways allowed increasing and diverse flows of people to more distant seaside and coastal resorts, which nominated a distinctive and escapist environment from urbanisation, and the opportunity to practice what was viewed as a healthy pastime of sun-seeking (Holden 2006 30 Swarbrooke and Horner 2007 16,33)Spa tourism and sun-seeking persisted into the twentieth century. Medicinal springs, spas, Beaches and resorts, particularly in warm and dry climates, continued to be considered therapeutic through long exposures to the sun, fresh air and water (Swarbrooke and Horner 2007 33).Thus it is easy to go out that the health tourism has developed from the ancient age with myths and beliefs and as cure from natural resources to the current stage of various medical and surgical procedures and cosmetic therapies and for alternative therapies like yoga, natur opathy and ayurvedic medicine. Michael Moody (2007) indicates that the medical tourism trend began when residents of angio xsin-converting enzyme country would go to another country to engender cosmetic or dental procedures finished while on vacation or to recover from such procedures in a vacation like destination.Today, countries like India, the East Indies, southeasterly America and South East Asia outer preaching facilities at par with international standards at just a fraction of cost. The factors such as extravagantly cost of health care in developed countries, long waiting list in government medical facilities and the reduction of air fare are the majority of reasons which contributed for the reaping of the medical tourism. The hospitals in India, the East Indies, South American countries and South East Asia offer a high reference medical care which is par with international standards in very cheap money compared to developed nations.India is one of solid grounds f avorite tourist destinations and has many hospitals of international standard and English speaking staffs and therefore there are less chances of language barrier for the western patients. India has alternative therapies like Yoga naturopathy siddha and ayurvedic medical practices. One of the recent survey conducted in India on the healthcare indicates that the medical tourism in India will grow to US $ 125 to 250 million in the year 2012.(CII McKinsey news report).The low cost and high standard give-and-take and care are the reasons which accelerates the medical tourism in India. The following example will illustrate about the stinting as well as tourist benefits of medical tourism in India. Howard Staab, a self-employed carpenter from North Carolina, flew to India for his medically necessary heart surgery, scheduled a side trip to the TajMahal, and returned lieu to work in North Carolina. He spent a total of less than $10,000, instead of the $200,000 required from the local hos pital ( Milstein and Smith 2006).This indicates that India has patients for procedures like heart surgery which requires bring up of art facilities and highly skilled medical team. Other than that it also shows the money difference when compared with developed nations. Kerala like any other verbalises in India also has dispense of potential to be a food market leader in medical tourism.Kerala a good deal described as Gods own countryis one of the favorite tourist destinations in India. The geography of Kerala is embellished with lush green coconut groves, scenic beaches, tranquil backwaters and enriched culture. there is a pride of place in the field of medicine for this Indian state and medical tourism is the new facet of Kerala.Medical tourism is very popular in some states of India and this study focuses on a city of Kerala state. Kerala is considered one of the most favorite tourist destinations in India because of its beaches, hills, lagoons, backwaters and enriched cult ure. This state has tremendous potential to boom its medical tourism and the tourism manufacturing is promoting itself with several ayurvedic and health packages.This study focuses on the trends of medical tourism in the city of Trivandrum which is located on the southernmost state of India called Kerala. This city is the current capital of the state of Kerala and it is known for its scenic beauties and beaches.This city also has several international standard hospitals and traditional ayurvedic resorts and clinics.Objective of the Research StudyThe principle aim of this study was to investigate and critically contemplate the recent trends in the medical tourism in the Trivandrum, the southernmost city of India. This study also analyses the behavior of the medical tourist and their expectations in the services provided by the hospital or the clinic and the tourist operators or agencies. This study also focuses to address the a time out that exists in uniform study conducted befo re. The aim was to address the gap between available literature and demand for further question on the subject by adopting a clearly fastend and structured research design, utilizing twain quantitative and qualitative research methods.Find the factors that drive Medical Tourism in TrivandrumAnalyse the issues which determine success of medical tourism in Trivandrum list the problems faced by Medical Tourism in TrivandrumMake suitable suggestions for progression of Medical Tourism in TrivandrumRationalesThe first and foremost reason for choosing the division of the study is to lay out before the readers the state of the Indian medical tourism celestial sphere at a moment in time when it is in great flux. Moreover the author was working in one such hospital which was market leader in medical tourism in the city of Trivandrum. The medical tourism sector is believed to be a great boon of economical emergence in Kerala and therefore by doing a study at this particular time may gi ve readers awareness about the blank space challenges and scopes. Other than that medical tourism it is an area of interest of the author as he wants to analyse the trends and issues involved in the medical tourism industry in Trivandrum city. The purpose of this research note is to outline some of the challenges and opportunities ahead, as health tourism finds its prominence in the practical and conceptual domains of tourism. Further there are predictions for Trivandrum city to flourish with medical tourism in next five to ten years and it is right time to analyse the challenges and scopes ahead.Structure of the studyThis study explores the trends of medical tourism in Trivandrum city and the issues around it. The need for further research on the transgressic has been established with carrying out a secondary research followed by primary research and by comparing evaluating the primary and secondary research. tally to McDaniels carrying out exploratory research will gave the res earcher clarification to understand the magnitude of topic area and thereby permitted a clearer and stronger perception of the environment and the situation which arise within it. (McDaniels, 2001).CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWThe medical tourism has an advantage of providing cost effective medical care collaborating with the health care industry and with the travelling industry to the patients who need medical treatment in a location different to their home town. Thus medical tourism occurs with the combination of healthcare services and tourism and travel domain. The facts that led the growth of the medical tourism are the availability cheap and high step medical care in one geographical location and domain of long queue of patients for medical procedure and high prices of medical care in one geographical region. The outgrowth of these factors is the growth of medical tourism resulting in people moving to another geographical location for health care.DEFINITIONThe term medical tou rism is a term coined in recent period but the practise seems to exist from ancient period and the trends in medical tourism consider changed with the time.The health tourist travel to their favourite destination for different medical and surgical procedures, cosmetic surgeries, alternative medicine, and spas and health resorts. The considerations and risk for different procedures vary accordingly. The medical tourism has gained social, economical and political interest but it has gained scant attention in tourism literature generally.Bookman and Bookman (2007) define medical tourism as travel with the aim of better ones health, and also an economic activity that entails trade in services and represents the splicing of at least two sectors medicine and tourism. The health tourism is seen as pith of leisure oriented and stress relief as many people opt for sun and spas. Although there is no single definition for health tourism, it could be broadly defined as people traveling from their place of residence for health reasons (Ross 2001). Several demographic, economic, and lifestyle factors are driving such tourism (Handszuh and irrigate 1997 Ross, 2001). Bennett et al. (2004 123) acknowledge a liberal definition of health tourism would be any pleasure-orientated tourism which involves an element of stress relief, meaning it is an enjoyable and relaxing activityPollock and Williams (2000 165), Laws (1996 in Henderson 2004 112) and tries to see the health tourism with the view that it is a separation between the ordinary and the extraordinary the bothday world of work and home versus the combination of health and tourism in leisure, recreational and educational activities. Then Schofield has a view that health tourism is a means to achieve improvement in personal, mental and social well being. (Schofield 2004 137). The above all definitions try to define health tourism as a means to escape from every day routine and improve stress free healthful life.Henders on (2004 113) insists that health tourism as travel where the primary purpose is treatment in search of better health that may involve hedonistic indulgences of spas and alternative therapies, while medical tourism incorporates health screening, hospitalization, and surgical operations. Ross (2001) after analysing various factors and literature tries to define health tourism as any kind of tourism that involves a person or his family member for the purpose of wellbeing and he considers that health tourism mainly focuses on two main domains as pampering and wellness. Pampering are services like massage, herbal wraps and exfoliating scrubs whereas wellness involves with improving physical and mental state and sometime it may involve with the treatment.MEDICAL TOURISM AND ITS TRENDSThe concept of medical tourism have undergone many changes in recent generation and there is a change in the trends like people from developed countries moving to developing countries for medical procedure s for the difference in the cost. The global medical standards and regulations have been implemented in different countries and this in turn raises the number of people seeking cost advantage and best treatment in their preferred destination. The market of medical tourism depends on awareness and application of significant issues such as social diversities, consumer benefits, branding of products, legal frame work infrastructure, target markets, the unfeigned product and communication channels (Dannell Mugumba).Therefore it is understood that the people from developed countries choose their destination after analysing various features and therefore there exist high tilt between the countries to promote medical tourism.The one more key component in this medical tourism is the medical concierge services. These are medical travel companies that provide service to the traveller and they act as a link between tourist and the destination (Lagiewski, 2007).They have a lively role in th e tourist experience from planning, stay, and post stages of the trip. The medical travel guide meets the tourist at the airport and he is the local agent who works as interpreter, guide and assists the tourist to stay in communication with his loved ones in his home. (Smith and Forgione, 2007).According to Connell (2006) the ability to the countries to ensure the medical tourist that healthcare is of safe quality is a vital factor and this will be the main barrier for a destination to promote itself as most favourite destination In order to chip this concern, international accrediting agencies are in the process of certifying the quality and safety of global healthcare delivery. The tourist decides to engage in medical tourism on the tail of five a factor identified by Lagieweskii.Her study identifies the first and foremost as the alternative healthcare facility to their countrys facility which should be of high standard and at affordable cost. This factor is the main factor and when the tourist is satisfied with first factor the next will be cost of treatment and travel of great importance. The tourist may seek other country because of the e big waiting list in their home country. There may be some reasons like remote destination for tourist for certain cosmetic procedures. The nature of the country is also an important factor because tourist seeks a country free from risk factors associated with safety, security and actability. ( Lagiewski,2007).The country trying to make itself as most preferred destination for medical tourism it should emphasize on the fact that its overall appeal and the experiences offered to the other competing destinations. (Dwyer and Kim 2003).Dwyer and Kim insists that the destination should have the competitive advantage to become successful in the medical tourism industry. According to Dwyer and Kim the existence of two type of resource group may lead to achieve competitive advantage. They are the enable resources and created r esources. Endowed resources are natural heritage and heathen attributes to a specific destination and created resources are services associated with the tourist such as accommodation, food and beverage establishments, and manmade attraction. There can be created resources such as special events entertainment and shopping which adds extra value to he destination. There can be supporting factors such as general infrastructure quality of service accessibility of the destination hospitality of the host population and market ties.Growth has been facilitated by the rise of the Internet, and the emergence of new companies, that are not health specialists, but brokers between international patients and hospital networks. It has also grown because of rapidly improving health care systems in some key countries, where new technologies have been adopted. Above all it has followed the deliberate marketing of health care (in association with tourism) as medical care has gradually moved away from the public sector to the private sector, ensuring that a growing majority of people, especially in the richest countries, and particularly in the United States, must pay-often considerably-for health careFinally, the factors like growth in medical tourism is done by the changing life style where people are ready to undergo cosmetic surgery, involving such elective procedures as rhinoplasty, liposuction, breast enhancement or reduction, LASIK eye surgery and so on, or more simply the removal of tattoos, have created new demands. Various forms of dental surgery, especially cosmetic dental surgery, are not covered by insurance in countries like the UK and Australia hence dental tourism has become particularly common. In Asia these trends are the unlikely child of new global realities the fallout of terrorism, the Asian economic downturn, internet access to price education, and the globalisation of health services (Levett, 2005)India and medical tourismIndia is a country of rich cultu re and heritage and one of the most favorite destinations for tourism. It is one of the existing oldest civilizations in the world for a period of more than 4000 years and it has fusion of traditions, customs and diversity. (myindia).The survey conducted by lonely planet about the worlds favourite tourist destination among 134 countries ranks India as one among the worlds top 5 tourist destination.(lonelyplanet)There are similar surveys and rankings for India as National Geographic describes India as Land of mystery and majesty. The company i explore also ranks India as one of the tp 5 destinations in world. The Forbes traveller states India as one the fast growing travel markets. (ICRImedical tourism)A number of destinations within India developed as havens for rest and recuperation such as hill stations at Darjeeling and the lakes in Kashmir where during the colonial era members of British era would retreat for cool tune and a change of scenery. Late during the 19th century peop le began travelling India in search of alternative life style often focusing on yoga or meditation and following the footsteps of celebrities. India is building on these traditions as a wellness destination by a developing expertise in medical tourism (Garcia Altes 2005 conell 2006a).The main marketing segments for medical tourism in India are patients from USA and European and middle east nations, while growing niche is create by Indian expatriates ,particularly those live in USA and the UK.(Conell 2006), who combine medical treatment with visits to family and friends.Medical tourism as a niche has emerged from the rapid growth of what has become an industry, where people travel often long distances to overseas countries to obtain medical, dental and surgical care while simultaneously being holidaymakers, in a more conventional sense. It has grown dramatically in recent years primarily because of the high costs of treatment in rich world countries, long waiting lists (for what is not always seen institutionally as priority surgery), the relative affordability of international air travel and favorable economic exchange rates, and the ageing of the often affluent post-war baby-boom generation. Growth has been facilitated by the rise of the Internet, and the emergence of new companies, that are not health specialists, but brokers between international patients and hospital networks. It has also grown because of rapidly improving health care systems in some key countries, where new technologies have been adopted. Above all it has followed the deliberate marketing of health care (in association with tourism) as medical care has gradually moved away from the public sector to the private sector, ensuring that a growing majority of people, especially in the richest countries, and particularly in the United States, must pay-often considerably-for health careMedical tourism is an important part of the Indian tourism industry and holds immense growth potential. The med ical tourism sector had experienced a phenomenal growth in the flow of medical tourists from10,000 patients in 2000 to stupendous 180,000 by 2005. (Source RNCOS report on Indian Tourism Industry Forecast (2007-2011)The Indian government takes meticulous steps in promoting medical tourism and it tries to increase the growth of foreign medical tourist by providing medical visas called M visas. These M visas are valid for one year and it is issued for the accompanies and Indian ministry of tourism has stocked its 13 overseas offices with information regarding these visas.( Meleigy)In 2002,2.2 million foreigners visited India those numbers increased by 20 percent the following year(Mathew 2004).The tourist literature produced by the Indian government portrays India as a country rooted in tradition and also sufficiently modern to offer western style amenities (Bandyoupdhay and Morais 2005) A study by McKinsey and league of Indian Industry says that at its current pace of growth, health care tourism alone can rake over 8,000 crore additional revenue by 2012.(cii mckinsey study)There are several states in India and the private hospitals in India target for the medical tourist other than the home patients. The southern state of Kerala which is very rich in culture and heritage and ancient medical practice like Ayurvediac ,Siddha and Yoga leads in attracting the foreign tourist for medical health and leisure tourism.KeralaKerala is a bizarre unusual person among developing nations, a place that offers real hope for the future of the Third World. Consider This small state in India, though not much big than Maryland, has a population as big as Californias and a per capita annual income of less than $300. But its infant mortality rate is low, its literacy rate among the highest on Earth, and its prolificacy below Americas and falling faster. Keralas citizens live nearly as long as Americans or Europeans. Though mostly a land of paddy-covered plains, statistically Kera la stands out as the Mount Everest of social development theres truly no place like it. The National Geographic Traveler, which once made Kerala the cynosure of all eyes in the world travel circuit by describing it as one of the 50 paradises in the world. (National Geographic)Kerala is one of the most visited tourists destination of India. It is globally famous for its enchanting tourists attractions that are off beat than any other tourists places in the world. Every year hundred and thousands of tourists from all over the world come to Kerala to enjoy holidays in splendor. The state is endowed with palm fringed beaches, verdant hill stations, captivating beaches, emerald paddy fields, historical churches and more of all picturesque backwaters. This makes the marketing medical tourism easier in Kerala.Accreditation of health centersThe quality of the medical care is the first and foremost factor considered by the medical tourist. According to the medical tourism association the acc reditation is the means of way to acquire safety and overall positive results to the patients who travel from one country to another for treatment purposes. The medical tourist can look into the accreditation to ensure the safety of the treatment in the hospital. The accreditation program is very essential to help patients, employers and insurance companies who can look into the accreditation status and thereby can find the hospitals with highest quality of care during their completed patient experience. The medical tourism industry grows day by day and therefore there is a necessity to ensure that hospitals, clinic and rehabilitation centers entering medical tourism posses proper infrastructure to meet the medical tourist. There is a need to certify that the center has proper communication facilities, transparency in quality and pricing, informed consent, proper medical care and further follow up facilities. The accreditation is focused on the fact that international patients hav e special needs and requirements than domestic patients. The accreditation is ordinarily given by bodies which may by government or non government with the panel of expert members to examine and find whether the organization meets the requirements.(medical tourism association)The accreditation to the allopathic medical practice in Trivandrum is provided by the international accreditation bodies such as Joint Commission International (JCI), ISO 9001 2000 etc. Other than the international bodies Trivandrum city has hospitals certifiable by NABH, a board set up by government of India. (See appendix).These are the major accreditations of medical service in India. The ayurvedic practice is the unique intensity and most popular medical practice in India and they have accreditation done by Body set up by Government of Kerala as colour leaf and Olive leaf and green leaf is the highest degree of accreditation and its followed by olive leaf and these accreditation ensures the quality of ayurvedic treatment in Kerala. (expresshealthcare)Ayurvedic tourism in KeralaKerala is usually marketed as a health destination for its ayurveda packages. Medical tourism is marketed along with ayurveda and other health packages. Kerala ayurveda tourism has becoming a huge selling period for Kerala tourism industry. State promotes Kerala ayurveda tourism as a part of medical tourism to the world. Today popularity of Kerala ayurvedic treatment has gained such a momentum that tourist from crossways the world come to Kerala to regenerate and for therapeutic treatment.Ayurvedic medical practice is the most ancient medical system originated in India before 10,000 years ago and in India the ayurvedic practice is more popular in kerala where it is practiced in traditional way. As per ayurveda specialists, the rainy season (June August) is the best time for ayurvedic treatments as the atmosphere rest dust free and cool, which helps open the pores of the body to the maximum.(Messerli and Oyama 2004)Ayurveda believes in the treatment of not just the affected part, but the individual as a whole. Kerala ayurvedic treatments and rejuvenation therapies are natural way to refresh and eliminate all toxic imbalances from the body and to regain resistance and good health. Most of the ayurvedictherapies help to strengthening the immune system, preventing and set diseases without any side effects.There are number of resorts and hospitals throughout state which are integral parts of Kerala ayurveda tourism and offering customized ayurveda holiday packages which help you to rejuvenate the body and soul and to start a fresh life. Kerala ayurveda provides number of treatments ranging from de-stressing, anti-ageing, weight loss, joint pains and general rejuvenation.Elements of medical tourism in TrivandrmReview of similar studies.

Management roles of emirates airline

Management spots of emirates flight pathIn todays emulous seam industries, drop dead and tourism application is wizard of the initiations biggest and fastest emergence industries. Now People be travelling for leisure, recreation, affair purpose and most of them are travelling as a part of their employment than ever before. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. According to United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO, 2009) in that location were over 922 million international tourist arrivals in 2008, with a harvest-time of 1.9% as compared to 2007. Now travel and tourism industry has become nonpareil of the largest and dynamically developing sectors of economic industries. A country bottom earn a massive amount of foreign currency by travel and tourism. The ontogenesis and growth rates of tourism industry, signifi toleratet volumes of foreign currency inflows, infra organize development, and introduction of unexampled focussing affect various sec tors of economy. It completely contri hardlyes to the social and economic development of a country. Travel and tourism business establishs an big connection to the world, which provides run to peck from a nonher region or country.Airline industry mformer(a)s a merry role to increase tourism and travel industry. Its angiotensin converting enzyme of the most important parts in tourism and hospitality sector and Emirates air passages is not an exception as it play an important role in the hospitality and tourism sector.1.1 Overview of Emirates AirlineEmirates Airline is one of the major airlines in the Middle East. It is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group. The Emirates business relationship (2010), states that Emirates had started the air business with only two aircrafts-Boeing 737 and Airbus 300 B4 and had flown its first route out of Dubai on 25th October 1985. Now with a fleet of 137 aircrafts, Emirates Airlines provide their function in 60 disparate countries. With this massive flake of aircraft in their fleet they manage fly to over 100 big cities around the world. Each workweek almost700 Emirates flights depart from Dubai, the biggest emirates of UAE (United Arab Emirates) on their way to different destinations onsix continents. Yearly the expansion of Emirates has never been pull down than 20%. From the Emirates Story, 2010 it lay out that, after one-third in operation the airline recorded an annual profit in e rattling single year. From Emirates website, the Emirates Group (2010), Sky-Cargo di batch is the freight division of Emirates airlines which under call in their cargo activities and provides inclusive cargo solutions to to a greater extent than 100 destinations in over 60 countries on six continents. According to The Emirates Group (2010), in 2008, Emirates Sky-Cargo stimulated its operations into the 43,600 square metres state-of-the-art Cargo Mega Terminal and yearly it can attend to 1.2 million tonnes of cargo. In 2001, Emirate s announced the largest valued at $15 billion range in aviation history which confirmed its future growth in Airline industry. For its speedily growing fleet, Emirates added a stunning number of 58 new aircrafts, with the mixers of Airbus and Boeing . Now Emirates is growing rapidly and carried a lot more passengers than before. The Emirates Story (2010) as well shows that in 2007/2008, Emirates carried 21.2 million passengers andcarried 1.3 million tonnes of cargo which indicates that Emirates is one of the fastest growing airlines in the airline business.1.2 Leadership and focussing roles of Emirate AirlineLeadership and worry which are daten very differently by versatile group of quite a little. Some individuals see these term as synonyms, while others approach them as extreme opposites so extreme, in fact, that they would argue that at the same time a good director and a good draw cannot be the same person. Still other people reside somewhere in the middle. But the fact is these two monetary value are often interchanged. Pascale, R. (1990) defined Leadership as the sculpture of creating an environment and influencing people to follow a chosen direction willingly. It requires a clear vision and guide followers along a path that realizes the vision.In1980,the president of American association defined (cited by Patrick J, M. et al, 2000) that management is bumpting things through other people. Patrick J, M et al (2000) pointed that the current definition of management is working with and through other people to accomplish the objectives of both(prenominal) the organisation and its member. Management organises, controls or directs people or resources in a group, these are done according to morality that ware already been spend a pennyed. Management and attractorship, both are necessary to settle police squads and validations successful. Just ilk the right or left wing of an air thinkes flight.Without leadership and management business cannot piddle its organisational goals. Emirates leadership and management process play an important role for the proceed success of Emirates Airlines. Sheik Ahmed Bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Chairman and Chief Executive of Emirates Airline who is highly skilful and under his leadership, Emirates has grown from a local airline run three destinations has become a highly praised international airline and fastest-growing international carrier which operates more than 100 locations in over 60 countries (The Emirates Story, 2010).Now Emirates is one of the largest airlines in Middle East. No doubt that their talented leaders play a vital role but this has been made possible through their smooth management techniques, quality node service and highly skilled respective(a) workforce. Chairman and Chief Executive of Emirates Airline alongside with other leaders get down been capable to show their natural ability that they can lead the caller-out economically and effectively (The Emirates Group Leadership, 2010).Leaders of Emirates are always responsible, being very grown up, treating people equally, being honest, working hard, prioritising and planning, connecting their staff in their thinking and especially in managing change. The management and leadership teams get laid how to make the airline business attractive to customers and how to admire those who are worthy of praise for making the familiarity successful.2.0 Concept of Management, Leadership and MotivationManagement, leadership and motivation play an important role for the success of company. Emirate Airline analogous any other organization or company fates effective leadership and excellent management to direct their staffs to get the achievement of specific objectives.2.1 Management TheoriesThe unique doingsal pattern adopted by a leader to motivate and influence the behaviour of subordinates, is called Management theories. It is an current process which eases to get something through people or to use re sources to generate profit. Management can create a condition and by the appropriate deduction of this condition, organization can achieve their goals. Mainly there are three different types of management styles bureaucratic management style, participative management style and strategic management style.Emirates Airline is trying to be private-enterprise(a) and marketable by using different management styles. The management style of Emirates typifies a combination of participatory and strategic management. Lamb (1984) pointed Strategic management is an ongoing process that evaluates and controls the business and the industries in which the company is involved assesses its competitors and sets goals and strategies to touch on all existing and potential competitors. The companys strategic top processs with planning and developing initiatives on behalf of owners, connecting proper use of resources to increase the performance of company in their external environments. Emirates use s trategic management style to establish the mission of company, vision and objectives, initial policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs. All these are designed to achieve a competitive advantage in the travel market.Participative management is the management style where decisions are consulted with the subordinates, by their manager, before implementation. This management style helps to create good relation between manager and employee .Participative management is standardized democratic management which allows employee to scoop up strong decision making role. After establishing this management, company will get more profit and can reduce its cost. The management of Emirates involves their employees and other stakeholders to take part in making decisions. Emirate encouraged their employee to give their own ideas to identify and get organizational-goals, to solve problem and other decisions that can truthful affect the company. The management of Emirates take dec ision in consultation with their subordinates2.1 Leadership theoriesLeadership means having an ability and desire to inspire and influence others. From trait conjecture, leaders are born with leading leadership qualities and also inherit positive qualities and personality that make them to be leader. When someone has five traits such as honesty, inspiring, forward-looking, competent, intelligent, he will be a good leader. The spirited advantage and position of Emirates can be back upd by their leaders.Behavioural eyeshot of leadership holds that anybody who demonstrates the appropriate behaviour can be an effective leader. Leaders are made by encountering appropriate behaviour and not trait. The key contribution of the behavioural perspective was the identification of effective management systems working inside an organisation.The contingency or situational model of leadership emphasise on the nature of the circumstance. Emirates Airlines leadership do not have one particular le adership style and the leaders of Emirates are able to incorporate patience as well as the will to attain compromise with the ability to act rapidly and decisively. The leaders of Emirates are democratic and the leadership composes the ability and skills to motivate and influence the activities and the thoughts of people or subordinates. Their leaders make a social influence which encourages staff to achieve common goal.2.2 Motivation theoriesMotivation was initially came from the Latin word movere. Movere means to move. Motivation is a process which influences people to do. According to Campbell Pritchard (1976) Motivation has to do with a set of independent or dependent variable relationships that explain the direction, amplitude and persistence of an individuals behaviour, holding ceaseless the effects of amplitude, skill and understanding of the task and the constraints operating in the environment. There are different types of possible meet such as Maslows Hierarchy of Need s theory, Alderfers Existence-Relatedness-Growth theory and Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene theory. These theories are revealed to motivate people that help the leader of a company to motivate his employee. Maslow motivation theory is one of them which are most popular theory of human motivation. According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (2002-2010) psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a motivation theory, in this theory canonic and low-level needs such as physiologic needs and safety have to be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self- actualization are pursued. Maslow motivation theory covers all basic requirements of an individual and it would please them. Maslow theory is based on five levels of needs these are from bottom to top- physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. The lower level such as physiological and safety needs has been met by employee then higher level needs become important. Emirates Airline motivates their employe e strongly. For this source divide of diverse people are interested to work with Emirates group. To encourage the best from those who want to build up their future pathways with Emirates Airline, they offer a large number of employee benefits, acknowledgment, encouragement as well as performance programmes. Well trained and skilled employees are the key for the success of a company. So Emirates provide vocational training and development to ensure their people are able to do their job well. The Emirates Group Carriers Centre, FAQs ( 2010) stated that high performing Cabin Crew have been able to attain the position of Flight Purser within five years and many have also become trainers in cabin service.3.0 Cultural miscellaneaA variety of different societies or peoples with dissimilar origins, religions and traditions all are living and interacting together -That is ethnic diversity. Many people from different part of the world are not set fairly in their work place because of th eir race, nationality, creed, sexual orientation, background, age or even disability but it is essential for either organization that all people are treated with respect. If individuals treated unfairly or inaccessible by their managers or other employee because of their race, nationality, cultural differences and other reason , company will loss productivity. Cultural diversity plays a vital role to reach out on a worldwide level for an organization which has a varied or diverse group of employee. Managing diversity focus organisation to obtain a better perceptive of how other cultures do business which is a fundamental fraction for doing business in todays worldwide marketplace. Developing diversity provides different types of ideas from different people and variety of viewpoints give larger kitty of idea that can provide a competitive edge in company. All Successful and winning company need to take urgent action to establish managing diversity in the workplace.3.1 Managing cult urally diverse workforce of Emirates AirlinesIn todays global market managers of every organisation should focus on culturally diverse workplace or employees in order to increase organizational effectiveness. In the Middle East, Emirates Airlines also weigh up and evaluate diversity process which is a significant part of their management system. Emirates employee diversity of over one hundred sixty nationalities is a unique strength for them as a global organisation and their divers employees are from different nationalities, cultures, religious and ethnic backgrounds. Their diverse employees get new ideas, innovations and thinking styles which help them to lead the business to success (Emirates Group Cultural Diversity, 2010). Emirates Airlines recruit and endorse or promote people without discrimination and treat all people with respect and give every employee with the opportunity to build up to the full. Emirates Airline ensures cultural diversity through the following meansComm unication Language plays an important factor to understand others. In a company where there is more than one native language or different cultural background, communication problems will arise. In some company they have interpreters but this double translation offers more opportunities for misunderstanding. In Emirates Airlines, they use international language English for communication and it is used within the industry throughout the world. As English is an international language and learn by different people from different countries Emirates use English as a common language to manage a culturally diverse workforce. The website of Emirates, recruitments process and advertisement is also done in English.Equal opportunity Equal opportunity means when all people in company are treated equally and fairly. In Emirates, they consider all people individually, treat them fairly and also provide opportunities for development and progression. As the management of Emirates treat their employe es well, they too can treat each other with respect and provide best service to their clients. In Emirates Airlines men and women employees are treated equally and recruitment process provides both men and women an equal chance of selection.Recruitment Emirates airlines recruit from a diversified workforce. They recruit both men and women and do not think that talented is the single(a) preserve of men, white population or their countrymen. Talent does not lie exclusively with the white men, Arabic, Asians or Chinese. The management of Emirates policy is only searching talented and suitable people. They are not bothered where these talentes came from, what is their religion, sex or culture.3.2 Managing culturally diverse customers of Emirates AirlinesManaging culturally diverse customer is fundamental fraction for business because customer is business and without customer there is no business. Every organisation has its own cultural frame and successful leadership should shift ahea d of its cultural structure of reference to support well-built intercultural communication and also produce and build up culturally designed or culturally considered services, products or goods that provide international standard. As Emirates presently fly to over 100destinations in60 countries around the world (The Emirates Story, 2010), it means they are serving or operating different origins and backgrounds with different work habit, different cultural attitudes, different ethnic group, multinational and diverse people. Communication Effective communication are fundamental for the success of business, it is in terms of advertising company products and services which is provided by company to their clients. Emirates must know what their customers want and also listen to other business contact, such as banker, investor or supplier. If Emirates does not know what their customers want, then it is impossible to create business market. For providing good service and creating understand able communication with their customer Emirates provide international language. Their customers are diversed in this case they use English which is understandable for all types of people. When people have communication problem then it creats a great disaster for their future business, company will not exit because they have failed to make relationship with their customers.Food serviceThe cultures of Emirates are Middle Eastern culture. They provide Arabic style fare which is really tasty and they give very open-handed portions. Their food taste has already attracted different religious, different ethnic group and different customers from different cultural backgrounds. As Emirates follows Islamic food handling procedures, so in their flight they never serve alcohol so that if passengers want they may serve themselves. Travel home UK on Wednesday 11 August, 2010 posted that during Ramadan period they provided iftar to their customers. According to travel news (2010) Emirates Vice P resident Aircraft Catering of Emirates Robin Padgett told that even as they take plume in their cultural diversity, the foundation of Emirates is based on Islamic culture so they are committed to ensuring that their Muslim passengers are well looked after during the devoted month of Ramadan and their non-fasting passengers will continue to enjoy the world-class meals that Emirates provide globally.4.0 Effective Management, Leadership and Motivation across cultureIn todays business leaders should know how to lead and motivate workforces across many diverse cultural backgrounds and take action to the requirements and expectations of different types of customers those who come from different cultures.Management is a process and company activities which involves getting people together to achieve wanted goals and objectives economically and effectively. Principles of effective management based on planning, organizing or directing and controlling. Planning is an important element for e ffective management and it is a process, determines what action needs to be done to achieve company goal and what their future goal is.Organising and directing involves employee of company and resources like finance, materials and time. Organising is a way in which work is done. An effective management always organises and direct that employees are engaged in working on performance to meet plan and goal of company. It also involves motivating staff because motivating employee is the way to the determined hard work which is needed for efficient performance.Organizational relationship is important for effective management. Companies are concern about cultural diversity because almost every organisation operates different types of people from different ethnic group or multicultural that means company operates diverse customers and diverse employees. An effective management always focus on customer satisfaction because customers are the main element for their business, without customer business cannot exist. If the management focus on diverse employees in their organisation and give them equal opportunity they can get the idea how to deal with diverse customers which is beneficial for global business.Controlling is the way of monitoring and modifiable performance to ensure that it conforms to the plans and the goals of the company and involves taking the proper corrective act to make sure that what is really phenomenon or happening is in accordance with the expectations of planning process. Effective management is not only selected according to the culture of business but also with the environment of workforce. Management style run by a leader, so effective leadership is essential to create effective management. Management is not possible without a suitable leader.According to Fullan M. (2001), effective leadership has to have a clear making-a-difference sense of purpose, bring into play strategies that assemble many people to solve problems, be held responsible b y calculated and arguable indicators of success and be eventually assessed by the amount to which it awakens peoples basic commitment which is none other than the mobilizing of everyones sense of moral purpose. Effective leader has to have clear idea how to deal with diverse people he is democratic and encourages his employees in decision making process which help him to make relation with his employee, more concerned with communicating vision and also succeed by motivating, encouraging, stimulating and connecting their employees.A good leader knows how to motivate his employee who comes from different cultural background. In an organisation people have the right equipment, right knowledge, skills and abilities and the right type of organisational framework. But even after that they need something which drives them willing to do the work for the success of company or organisation. According to Peters and Waterman (1982) pointed that management should be dedicated to the motivation o f its human resources and successful companies speech pattern strategies which empower employees and give them control of their work and their work environment. Jacson, T. (1995) said that work motivation can be accredited to the nature of person needs and to the storage allocation by managers of work related outcomes perceived by employees as both valid and relevant.4.1 Impact of Emirates Airlines Motivation, Management and leadership StylesToday Emirates airline has gain competitive position and getting market place by their effective management and leadership. The leadership of emirates airlines are based on the leadership style of family. Emirates airlines leadership analysis(2009), found that Emirates leadership style are democratic which means their management encourage other members to connect themselves and other members of the conglomerate especially the shareholders are engage to take the final decision.Leaders of Emirates are motivating employees motivation is their way to inspire their employees to do willingly which help the company to get marvellous success in airlines market. Under different situations, individual will respond differently. Now Emirates have been operating flights in different cities all over the world and corporate plan gives importance with the diversity of their stakeholders, specifically with their clients. They are also dedicated with the diversity of their clients and their management approach are diverse which involves that the clients and communities of Emirates obtain marvellous service and their keen and committed staff and employees provide very good service to their clients.According to Emirates airlines leadership analysis (2009), the present move of Emirates Airliners is to set itself as an airline industry leader with a focus strategy in the airline industry. Emirates Airlines aims to expand their business to reach more clients which will enable them to be more profitable. Their management are customer focus, th ey know that if they involves huge amount of money they will get marvellous profit and by this Emirates can gain a competitive position in air market.Change management are very important because it allow the company to adjust with the stable changes in the worldwide market. Emirates leader have declared a major misshapen in the company. Their change is to develop their airline services and by means of more enhanced culture technology system. These technologies have led to a boost within the community of the airline industry which allow them to have more employees from different countries. The key elements of inveterate business success of Emirates are not only their management but also their employment of high quality multi-cultural team who come more than 160 nationalities (Cultural diversity Emirates Group, 2010).Emirates Group (2010), article states that Emirates effective management and talented leaders help employees to become one of the worlds best airhostess winning more th an 400 awards which help them to recognize a name for superiority in aviation and travel industry.The successful Executive Chairman of Emirates, H H Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum who thinks that sponsorship is fundamental in the airlines marketing strategy and it is one of the best way to incorporate with passengers or clients which allows Emirates to share and support their customers or consumers comfort and to construct a high valued personal relationship with their stakeholders. Rick Helliwell, the vice president recruitment of Emirates (sponsorship, About Emirates Group, 2010) pointed that the broad range of worldwide sponsorships that the airline supports parallels the variety of the employees on the airline and in Emirates as there are a huge amount of diverse employee who comes from 140 nationalities working together and their high performance team competing internationally are able to provide the customer superior services and best products. Now it can be said that Emira tes management and leadership make an impact for them to become one of the worlds fastest growing airlines.5.0 Recommendation and conclusionIt can be said that in competitive and worldwide accepted airline market, Emirates Airline has been capable to have a competitive and well-known position by its effective management and leadership in Dubai and global recognised airline industry. It is recommended that the diverse employee of Emirates must be able to give superior service to their customers, because their effective leadership have been able to bring jointly a vast number of individuals with miscellaneous background which is a powerful team and a source of strength.To provide superior services to their clients, they have recruited talented and superior people from different countries or different ethnic group or different culture. It is also recommended that their management must do more in working with diverse people. The leadership should provide new ideas which are beneficial f or the company and every time the company upgrade their service delivery to provide number one services to their customer. Emirates need to empower its employees to get profit and competitive position in competitive global business market. To enhance the satisfaction of employees, the leadership can choose to send some of their staff on continuous professional training which will expose them to new idea, better motivated and will also help to make good relation among employee and leader.It is recommended that the strategic management of Emirates Airlines give significance with the diversity of their stakeholders, especially with their customers, because the diversification management systems provide excellent services and products to their clients by their trained, fervent and enthusiastic staffs and employees. The strategic management should do more to guide Emirates from the motivation theory and challenges and opportunities which appear in the market environment as they have done in the latest of the 2000s if they are to build on their successes.

Why Americas Capitalist System Is Failing Essay -- Capitalism Failure

Why Americas Capitalist System Is Failing The American capitalist system works in a way that enables a small percentage of the population to live in utmost comfort with a large percentage of the countrys money and power. The majority of them get to this position through affiliation, and the lesser of them contrastingly through many years of hard work and struggle through a system that forces assimilation prior to incorporation. The majority of the population either lingers in the middle-class working for big businesses, whose ethical role in society they turn over no say in, or own a business that puts the responsibility of the lives of several shareholders in their hands. The remainder of society lives off of these people cleaning, cooking, or dowery for them. The only difference between this economic system and the old caste system in India is that the Americans can move between castes only by denying their object lesson beliefs. Take, for example, the current president George B ush his business skills did not permit his original business endeavors to succeed. He was actually a drunken party-boy, until the expectations to live up to his family recognise pressed him to seek success. Despite his disqualifications, the Bush name enabled him to overcome his bad investments and eventually receive a well-paying office job that required little of him. In contrast to a man that came from a less-renowned family, this young mans lack of characteristics that generally evoke succe...

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essay

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scotts vane contrabandistThe science fiction pick out, Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott, stolon released in 1982 and loosely based on Philip K. Dicks novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,1 has continued to fascinate image viewers, theorists and critics for more than fifteen years. Writings include Judith B. Kermans Retrofitting Blade Runner, a collection of academic essays2 Paul M. Sammons book on the making of the various versions of the have3 and an extensive network of publications are for sale via the World-Wide Web.4 A student colleague has just seen the film for the eighteenth time.The Directors Cut, released in 1992, is a more satisfying version of the film than earlier releases, chiefly because narration is excluded, more mythological ambiguity is introduced (with the inclusion of a scene of a unicorn running through a forest), and the final of an escape into nature is removed. In the context of Blade Runners dystopia s uch an ending is incredible for science fiction to succeed there needs to be plausibility within speculation.Since the Directors Cut, Blade Runner seems to have had a phoenix-like resurgence. Just as the simulated humans, or replicants, become more than the sum of their parts as they develop humanity, so the film has become more than the sum of its parts as interaction - among critics and fans as well as scriptwriters, actors and film crew - contributes to ways of seeing. Scott describes depth in film as like a seven hundred-layer cake.5 Ideas presented in these layers can expand and deepen in the viewers mind. The viewers eye becomes as important for the ongoing life of the film as the eyes on which the camera focuses in Blade Runner.6... ...uiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, Cambridge MA, 1989, p.312.15 The White Goddess a historical grammar of poetic myth, Farrer, Straus & Giroux, New York,1984, p. 255.16 Carson, op. cit., p.21.17 Carson, op. cit., p.22.18 Stev e Carper, Subverting the Disaffected City, Kerman, Retrofitting Blade-Runner op. cit., p.193.19 Sammon. op. cit., p.6.20 Guardian Weekly, July 20, 1997, p.24.21 The New Internationalist, op. cit., p.17.22 The Soul of Science, Resurgence, September/October, 1997. No.184, p.9.23 The Mercury, Hobart, Tasmania, Sept. 1. 1997. Co agent Stephen Steigrad, Department of Reproductive Medicine at Sydneys Royal Hospital for Women, found that 276 families through four fertility units did not plan to tell their children that they were the product of slushy insemination with sperm from donors.

SORRY, it’s my entire fault. :: English Literature Essays

SORRY, its my entire fault.I wish I had not done it. If I had been more sensible, the accident would not have happened but its no use saying that now. One day at tutor last term, we didnt have rattling much to do. The teachers had all gone to a staff meeting, and most of us in Form 4A were chatting, joking and reading magazines. Vincent, who had to prepare for an overseas examination, was the only one who was working. He had a large natural philosophy book in front of him and was making careful notes in an exercise book. He looked so serious that I suddenly had a marvelous persuasion for a joke. I crept up behind him and quickly snatched his glasses from his face. The others in the class roared with laughter, as I took him completely by surprise. Even the girls over on the other side of the room giggled. One girl told me to give the glasses back., but I knew she was not serious. Everybody was enjoying the joke except for Vincent. Please, he begged, give me my glasses. He stood u p and moved towards me. I turned round and threw them to Raymond, who was behind me. Unfortunately Raymond wasnt expecting this and he missed them. The glasses fell on the cement theme and both lenses were shattered. One or two people laughed, but then the room fell silent. They had been expensive glasses with metal frames, and the lenses were tinted. Vincent had to wear them in the fair weather as well as indoors. Vincent, Im sombre, I apologized lamely. I meant it as a joke Vincent didnt reply. Ill help you buy a new pair, I promised. But he wasnt listening to me. If he had been angry, it would have been better but by ignoring me, he made me feel very small. I didnt know what to do. A lot of us in Form Four came to school by bicycle or motorbike. Vincent had a motorbike, devoted to him by his father. I was rather jealous, because I came on an old bicycle, the same one that I had been using since I was in Form Two. After school I saw Vincent go to the stand by the gates, pull out his motorbike, get on it and ride off alone. I felt extremely sorry about what I had done, but I thought that if I could find enough money for a new pair of glasses we might be friends again.